UNDERSTANDING IRAQ’S SHI’IS: EVOLVING MISPERCEPTIONS WITHIN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT FROM THE 1970s TO THE PRESENT

In 1958 the monarchy was overthrown and replaced with a Shi’i ruler Abd al-
Karim Qasim. Qasim promoted Iraqi nationalism and borrowed much from the
Egyptian nationalist party lines by advocating the preservation of national identities and
resisting affiliations with other states, unlike Pan-Arabism. Because of his politics
Qasim was a prime target for Ba’athists who labeled him both a separatist and shuubi
despot. He was assassinated in 1963 by Ba’athists, ostensibly for his refusal to join the
United Arab Republic.


source : http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA435594

saladin

Salahuddin sangat yakin dan percaya kepada pertolongan Allah. Ia biasa meletakkan segala harapannya kepada Allah terutama ketika dalam kesusahan. Pada satu ketika ia berada di Jerusalem yang pada masa itu seolah-olah tidak dapat bertahan lagi daripada kepungan tentera bersekutu Kristian. Walaupun keadaan sangat terdesak ia enggan untuk meninggalkan kota suci itu.

Siapa yang rapat dengannya mengatakan ia adalah seorang Islam yang taat kepada Allah, sangat peka kepada keadilan, pemurah, lembut hati, sabar dan tekun. Bahauddin bin bin Shaddad, penasihat utama Salahuddin telah mencatatkan ia telah memberikan masa untuk rakyat dua kali seminggu, iaitu pada hari Isnin dan Selasa. Pada masa ini ia disertai oleh pembesar-pembesar negara, ulama dan kadi. Semua orang boleh berjumpa dengannya. Ia sendiri akan membacakan aduan yang diterimanya dan mengucapkan untuk dituliskan oleh juru tulis tindakan yang perlu diambil dan terus ditandatanganinya pada masa itu juga. Ia tidak pernah membenarkan orang meninggalkannya selagi ia belum menyempurnakan hajat orang itu. Dalam masa yang sama ia sentiasa bertasbih kepada Allah.
Jika ada orang membuat aduan, ia akan mendegarkan dengan teliti dan kemudian memberikan keputusannya.

source: http://dppwp.wordpress.com/2005/06/06/tokoh-islam-salahuddin-al-ayyubi/

formation of islam civlization

Islam did not appear all
at once, but emerged slowly, as part of a prolonged process whereby it was
differentiated from other religious traditions and, indeed, that much that we take as
characteristic of Islam is in fact the product of the medieval period.


source: http://assets.cambridge.org/97805215/82148/frontmatter/9780521582148_frontmatter.pdf

great code on mongol empire

Yasa, the Great Code of Chenggis Khan, has affected and influenced legal and justice practices across the greater regions of Asia and eastern Europe.  It was obviously aimed at regulating pastoral and military peoples, which made its assimilation into other civilizations, many of which were quite sophisticated, extremely difficult.  Given the complexity of many conquered societies and the deep roots of their religions, the application of the Yasa to the law practices of most of these stationary cultures remained minimal.  The religious acceptance of the Mongols appears to have expanded to the toleration of regional legal practices and jurisprudence.  One question that many historians have failed to investigate is which of the local peoples around the fledgling Mongolian empire had influenced them in the early 13^th Century when the Yasa was finally codified?   At least one of the tenets (Number 30 dealing with religion, forgiveness, and respect of the elders and poor) could have been impacted by regional Buddhist, Christian or Muslim leaders.  It is likely that the illiterate descendents of the Mongols influenced the Khans, even more than the Great Code of the Khans influenced their conquered civilizations.   


source : http://www.mypolice.ca/research_and_publications/MongolianLawCodeYasa.htm

internship

http://www.otak2.com/apply/

tough time

http://www.marcandangel.com/2011/07/17/75-reminders-for-tough-times/

 "We found more evidence that people might be shy or outgoing because of the way their brains are structured, not because of experiences they've had."


The differences in cognitive style and sensory-processing relate to the qualities associated with introversion and extroversion. True introverts are quiet, inwardly focused and reclusive. Extroverts are gregarious, socially active and sensation seeking.